National Defence Academy (NDA) Examination

The UPSC ensures a fair, merit-based selection to identify young individuals with the
intellect, physical fitness, and character required to lead. This exam is more than just an
academic test; it’s the beginning of a lifelong commitment to serving the nation.

Part I: Understanding the NDA & NA Examination

The Mandate and Authority

The NDA & NA Examination is a national-level test conducted by the UPSC twice a year,
typically in April (NDA 1) and September (NDA 2). It is the primary route for young
aspirants to join the officer cadre of the Indian Armed Forces right after their 10+2
education.

Key Dates and Cycles for 2025

Aspirants can plan their preparation with the predictable schedule released by UPSC. Here are
the key dates for the 2025 examination cycles:

The Application Protocol: A Step-by-Step Guide

The application process is entirely online via the official UPSC website (upsconline.nic.in).
Here’s how to apply:

• Step 1: One-Time Registration (OTR):First-time applicants must complete
  the OTR on the UPSC portal. This creates a permanent dashboard, simplifying future
  applications.
• Step 2: Application Form (Part I & II):Part I involves filling in
  personal details, educational qualifications, and service preferences (Army, Navy, Air
  Force). Part II involves uploading documents and paying the fee.
• Step 3: Document Upload:Upload scanned copies of your photograph,
  signature, and a valid photo ID (like an Aadhar Card) in the specified format and size.
• Step 4: Fee Payment:The application fee is ₹100 for General and OBC
  male candidates. All female candidates, SC/ST candidates, and
  sons of JCOs/NCOs/ORs are exempt from the fee.Payment can be made online or
  via a bank challan.

Part II: The Gauntlet of Selection

The selection process is a two-stage journey designed to holistically assess a candidate’s
suitability for a military career.

Stage 1: The Written Examination

This is an offline (pen-and-paper) test designed to evaluate academic knowledge based on the
10+2 curriculum. The question papers are bilingual (English and Hindi).

Stage 2: The Services Selection Board (SSB) Interview

Candidates who clear the written exam are invited for the SSB Interview, an exhaustive
five-day residential evaluation process. The SSB is also worth 900 marks, highlighting its
equal importance in the final selection.

• Day 1 (Screening):Consists of the Officer Intelligence Rating (OIR)
  test and the Picture Perception & Description Test (PP&DT). Candidates who are “screened
  in” proceed to the next stage.
• Day 2-4 (Testing):Candidates undergo a series of tests assessed by
  three different specialists:
  • Psychology Tests:Includes TAT, WAT, SRT, and SD to assess
    subconscious personality traits.
  • Group Testing Officer (GTO) Tasks:Group discussions, planning
    exercises, and outdoor tasks to evaluate leadership, teamwork, and courage.
  • Personal Interview:A detailed conversation with a senior
    officer about your life, interests, and motivation.
• Day 5 (Conference):The entire board discusses the candidate’s
  performance and makes a final recommendation.

Stage 3: Medical Examination and Final Merit

Recommended candidates undergo a thorough medical examination. Air Force aspirants must also
clear the Computerised Pilot Selection System (CPSS). The final merit list is based on the
combined score of the Written Exam (900) and the SSB Interview (900), for a total of 1800
marks.

Part III: The Eligibility Matrix

Failing to meet any of the following non-negotiable criteria will lead to disqualification.

• Nationality:Must be a citizen of India, or a subject of Nepal/Bhutan,
  or a Tibetan refugee (under specific conditions), or a person of Indian origin who has
  migrated from certain countries to permanently settle in India.
• Marital Status:Must be unmarried. Candidates cannot marry until the
  completion of their training.
• Age Limit:Between 16.5 and 19.5 years on the date of course
  commencement. For NDA 2 2025, candidates must be born between January 2, 2007, and
  January 1, 2010.

Academic Prerequisites

Physical and Medical Standards

Candidates must be physically and mentally fit. Key standards include:

• Height:Minimum height for the Army is 157 cm, and for the Air Force
  (Flying Branch) is 162.5 cm. Relaxations exist for candidates from hilly regions.
• Vision:Each service has specific vision standards. For the Air Force
  (Flying Branch), candidates who wear spectacles are not eligible.
• General Health:Candidates must be free from a list of specified
  ailments. Female candidates undergo an additional gynaecological examination.

Part IV: The Academic Blueprint & Preparation

Syllabus Overview

Paper I: Mathematics (300 Marks)

Topics include Algebra, Matrices and Determinants, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry (2D &
3D), Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Vector Algebra, and Statistics & Probability.

Paper II: General Ability Test (GAT) (600 Marks)

• Part A: English (200 Marks):Tests grammar, vocabulary, comprehension,
  and error spotting.
• Part B: General Knowledge (400 Marks):Covers Physics, Chemistry,
  General Science, History & Freedom Movement, Geography, and Current Events.

Recommended Resources

• Foundational:NCERT textbooks for Classes 9-12 are essential for
  building a strong base.
• Mathematics:*Mathematics for NDA and NA* by R.S. Aggarwal, *Mathematics
  for Class 11 & 12* by R.D. Sharma.
• English:*Objective General English* by S.P. Bakshi, *High School
  English Grammar and Composition* by Wren & Martin, and *Word Power Made Easy* by Norman
  Lewis.
• General Knowledge:*Lucent’s General Knowledge*, *Manorama Yearbook*,
  and daily newspapers for current affairs.
• All-in-One Guides:*Pathfinder for NDA & NA* by Arihant Publications is
  a popular comprehensive guide.

The Rise of Online Preparation

The digital era has transformed NDA preparation. Many aspirants now use a hybrid model,
combining traditional books with online resources. Platforms like Byju’s, Unacademy, SSBCrackExams, and Centurion Defence
Academyoffer structured courses, mock tests, and expert faculty. Free resources
on YouTube also provide valuable lectures and problem-solving sessions.

Part V: Life at the Academy – The Crucible of Leadership

Life at the NDA is a transformative three-year journey. The daily routine is intense and
designed to build discipline, endurance, and leadership.

• Daily Routine:The day starts before sunrise (around 4:00-5:30 AM) with
  physical training and drill. This is followed by academic classes, outdoor training,
  sports, and a mandatory study period in the evening. Lights out is strictly enforced
  around 10:00 PM.
• Academics & Training:Cadets earn a B.A., B.Sc., or B.Tech degree from
  Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) while undergoing rigorous military training specific
  to their chosen service (Army, Navy, or Air Force).
• Squadron Life:Each cadet is assigned to one of 18 squadrons, which
  becomes their home for three years. This system fosters intense loyalty, competition,
  and lifelong camaraderie.

Part VI: The Path of an Officer – Career & Prospects

Commissioning and Post-NDA Training

After graduating from NDA, cadets undergo one year of specialized training at their
respective service academies before being commissioned as officers:

• Army Cadets:Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun
• Naval Cadets:Indian Naval Academy (INA), Ezhimala
• Air Force Cadets:Air Force Academy (AFA), Dundigal

Rank Progression

Promotions up to Lieutenant Colonel (and equivalents) are largely time-bound, while higher
ranks are based on selection and merit.

Remuneration and Perks

• Training Stipend:Cadets receive a fixed monthly stipend of ₹56,100
  during their entire training period.
• Salary Upon Commissioning:Starting pay is in the range of ₹56,100 –
  ₹1,77,500 per month, which increases with promotions.
• Allowances:Officers receive numerous allowances, including Military
  Service Pay (MSP), Dearness Allowance (DA), and risk-based allowances like Siachen
  Allowance.

Part VII: The Competitive Landscape

The Brutal Selection Funnel

The NDA exam is one of the most competitive in the world, with an estimated success rate of
just 0.1%.

• Applicants:Around 5 to 6 lakh candidates apply for each cycle.
• Written Exam Qualifiers:Only about 8,000-9,000 candidates clear the
  written test.
• SSB Recommended:From this pool, only 400-600 candidates are recommended
  by the SSB.
• Final Selections:After medicals, around 400 candidates make it to the
  final merit list, based on vacancies.

Understanding the Cutoffs

The cutoff marks vary each year based on the exam’s difficulty, the number of applicants, and
available vacancies. Historically, the written exam cutoff (out of 900) has been around
340-360 marks, though it can fluctuate. The final cutoff (out of 1800) for the last
recommended candidate is typically in the 650-720 range.